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Jerusalem

Q1218

Jerusalem: capital of Judah or Judaea, sacred city of Judaism.

Jerusalem in c. 70 CE

"David's City": between Kidron valley with Gihon springs and Tyropoeon valley
In the south Hinnom valley
In the north Mount Moriah, with temple
In the east Mount of Olives; in the west Mount Zion

Siloam Inscription

First human occupation end of fourth millennium
New foundation c.1800; wall
King Abdi-Hepa of U-ru-sa-lim mentioned in the Amarna texts (letter to Akhenaten)
Tunnel to Gihon
According to the Bible between tribes of Judah and Benjamin.^note[Joshua 15.8 and 18.16).]
According to the Bible, captured by David^note[2 Samuel 5.6-9]

Catapult stones

Solomon builds the temple
From this age several Phoenician-style tombs
Two kingdoms
Not mentioned by Shoshenq; looted, according to the Bible
After the fall of Samaria, many refugees; Siloam inscription; expansion to the west
Siege by Assyrian king Sennacherib in 701 bought off
587 captured by the Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar; city apparently abandoned (an earlier deportation: text)

Drawing of a menorah

Cyrus defeats the Babylonians; Jews at some point returned to Judah
Ezra
Nehemia rebuilds the walls (mid fifth-century?)
Fortress: Bira
After Alexander, who seizes Judah in 332 (text), the city part of the Ptolemaic Empire
After 200 BCE, city in Seleucid Empire (high priest Simon the Just)
Conflicts within the aristocracy; crisis during the reign of Antiochus IV Epiphanes; second citadel (Akra); rise of the Hasmonaeans
Akra demolished; Bira renamed Baris
Expansion to the west
63 Captured by Pompey
After 40 Captured by Herod the Great; large construction works; splendid temple (inscription), temple terrace, western palace, and so on; Baris renamed Antonia
c.30 Death of Jesus
James the Just is leader of the Christians of Jerusalem
Herod Agrippa: new wall
City destroyed by Romans in 70

Jerusalem, Temple Complex, Model

Jerusalem, Temple Inscription

Jerusalem, Burned House, Interior

Jerusalem, Tiles of X Fretensis

Basilica of the Holy Sepulchre

Jerusalem base of X Fretensis
130 Rebuilt by Hadrian; temples of Aphrodite and Jupiter Optimus Maximus on Christian and Jewish sacred sites; cardo; the new name is Aelia Capitolina; the city has the rank of colonia^note[Ulpian, Digests, 50.15.1.]
132-136 Bar Kochba
Constantine converts to Christianity

Dome of the Rock

Christian churches (Holy Sepulcher) and monasteries; Helen finds the True Cross
Important diocese (patriarchate 451 Chalcedon)
Byzantine identifications of holy places
Justinian's new buildings (Procopius)
614 captured by the Persian general Shahr-Baraz (fighting for king Khusrau II in the big war between the Sasanian and Byzantine Empire); True Cross seized
630 recaptured by the Byzantines; True Cross returned
636 Battle of the Yarmuk
638 Jerusalem Islamic
689-691 Dome of the Rock

Jerusalem, Citadel, Model	Jerusalem, Temple Complex, Temple, model	Jerusalem, Temple Complex, Temple, Model	Jerusalem, Antonia, Model
Amarna, Letter from King Abdi-Hepa of Jerusalem