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Augustus

Augustus: first emperor of the Roman world (27 BCE - 14 CE).

Names

Portrait of Augustus as pontifex maximus

23 September 63 BCE: Gaius Octavius
8 May 44: Gaius Julius Caesar
November 40: Imperator Caesar Divi filius
2 September 31 BCE: sole ruler
16 January 27: Imperator Caesar Divi filius Augustus
19 August 14 CE: natural death

Historians sometimes call him Octavian, a title he never used.

Relatives

father: Gaius Octavius
mother: Atia
married to:
- Clodia (stepdaughter of Mark Antony)
- Scribonia
  - Daughter: Julia
- Livia

Youth

Posthumous coin of Augustus

63 Born in Rome
60 Octavius' father Gaius Octavius becomes praetor
59 Death of Octavius Senior; Octavius Junior is educated by his stepfather Lucius Marcius Philippus
49 His uncle Julius Caesar launches the Second Civil War
48 Elected as pontifex
47 Prefect of the Latin Games
46 In Africa
45 To Spain; return; to Illyricum (Apollonia)
44 adopted by Julius Caesar

The road to power

43 Battle of Mutina
43 Consul suffectus (with Quintus Pedius)
43 Second Triumvirate; marriage to Clodia
42 Philippi (battle)
41: End of marriage to Clodia
41/40 Siege of Perugia
40 Treaty of Brundisium
40 Mark Antony marries Octavia; Herod the Great king
40/39: Octavian marries Scribonia
39 Treaty of Misenum
39 birth of Julia; end of marriage to Scribonia
38 Octavian marries Livia (two stepsons: Drusus, Tiberius)
36 Defeat of Sextus Pompeius
35/34 Dalmatian War
33 Consul II (with Lucius Volcacius Tullus)
32 Mark Antony divorces Octavia
31 Consul III; naval battle of Actium (with Marcus Valerius Messalla Corvinus)
30 Consul IV (with Marcus Licinius Crassus); suicide of Mark Antony and Cleopatra VII Philopator; annexation of Egypt

Sole ruler

General view of the Mausoleum of Augustus

29 Consul V (with Sextus Appuleius); triumph; Gates of Janus closed
28 Consul VI (with Marcus Agrippa II); purge of the Senate
27 Consul VII (with Marcus Agrippa III); restores the republic; accepts the title of Augustus (more...)
26 Consul VIII (with Titus Statilius Taurus): war in Spain
25 Consul IX (with Marcus Junius Silanus): war in Spain; annexation of Galatia; expedition to Arabia Felix; Ethiopian war; Gates of Janus closed
24 Consul X (with Gaius Norbanus Flaccus)
23 Consul XI (with Aulus Terentius Varro Murena); tribunicia potestas; Agrippa receives proconsular powers
23 Death of Marcellus; Nubians attack Egypt
22 Voyage to the east; punitive raid against Nubia
21 idem; Agrippa marries Julia
20 Negotiations between Tiberius and the Parthian king Phraates IV; the Parthians surrender Roman military standards
19 Return from the east; proconsular powers renewed
18 Second purge of the Senate; proconsular powers of Agrippa renewed
17 Secular games; Gaius Caesar and Lucius Caesar adopted; Lollius defeated
16 Voyage to Gaul; annexation of Noricum
15 Annexation of Raetia (commemorated, ten years later, by the monument of La Turbie)
13 proconsular powers of Agrippa renewed
12 Augustus becomes pontifex maximus; death of Agrippa; Drusus in Germania Inferior; Tiberius in Pannonia
11 Third purge of the Senate; Tiberius marries Julia; death of Augustus' sister Octavia
9 Death of Drusus
8 Death of Maecenas; census; Tiberius in Germania Inferior
6 Tiberius received tribunicia potestas; in voluntary exile
5 Consul XII (with Lucius Cornelius Sulla); Gaius Caesar princeps iuventutis
4 Death of king Herod; Quinctilius Varus in Judaea
2 Consul XIII (with Marcus Plautius Silvanus); pater patriae; Julia exiled
Haltern, gold coin of Augustus

1 BCE Gaius Caesar to the East
1 CE Gaius Caesar consul
2 Death of Lucius Caesar; return of Tiberius
4 Death of Gaius Caesar; Tiberius adopted; fourth purge of the Senate; Lex Aelia Sentia
5 Tiberius in Germania
6 Herod Archelaus dethroned; annexation of Judaea by Quirinius
6-9 Pannonian revolt
9 Disaster in the Teutoburg Forest
13 Senate restrics the Vigintisexviri to equestrian order; Tiberius triumphant
14 Death of Augustus; publication of the Res Gestae

New legions

V Macedonica; VI Victrix; X Fretensis; XV Apollinaris; XVI Gallica; XVII; XVIII; XIX; XX Valeria Victrix; XXI Rapax; XXII Deiotariana.

Buildings (in Rome)

Forum Augusti with temple of Mars Ultor, many buildings on the Forum Romanum (temple of Caesar, arch of Augustus, Curia Julia, Basilica Julia, Basilica Aemilia), Porticus of Livia, Macellum Liviae, Porticus of Octavia, Theater of Marcellus, Theater and Crypta of Balbus, Mausoleum of Augustus, Aqua Marcia, Aqua Virgo, Aqua Julia, Aqua Alsietina, Baths of Agrippa, Horologium Augusti, Ara Pacis, Basilica of Neptune

Buildings (outside Rome)

Temple of Augustus (Ankara); Trophee at La Turbie

Contemporary events

40 Virgil's Fourth Eclogue
37 Varro's De re rustica
34 Death of the historian Sallust
33 Death of Bochus II of Mauretania
31 King Herod completes the building of Masada
27 Death of Varro
25 Augustus makes Juba king of Mauretania
24 First publication of Strabo' Geography
23 Horace's Odes; Vitruvius' De Architectura
20 King Herod's starts to rebuild the Temple of Jerusalem
19 Death of Virgil; death of Tibullus
15 Death of Lucius Munatius Plancus
13 Dedication of the Theater of Marcellus; Drusus founds Mainz
12 Death of Propertius
10 Herod builds Caesarea
9 Ara Pacis inaugurated
8 Death of Horace; death of Maecenas
4 BCE Death of king Herod; birth of Jesus of Nazareth (?)
5 CE Death of Gaius Asinius Pollio
8 Ovid exiled; death of Marcus Valerius Messalla Corvinus
11 Death of Marcus Antistius Labeo

Succeeded by: Tiberius